'electrical conductivity water quality testing'

Conductivity of water allows measuring ionic constituents of all types of water including surface water, process water in water supply and treatment plants. PRINCIPLE Conductivity is the ability of a solution, a metal, or a gas - in brief all materials to pass an electric current. In solutions the current is carried by cations and anions whereas in metals it is carried by electrons. How well a solution conducts electricity depends on a number of factors : • Concentration of ions • Mobility of ions • Valence of ions • Temperature All substances possess some degree of conductivity. In aqueous solutions, the level of ionic strength varies from the low conductivity of ultrapure water to the high conductivity of concentrated chemical samples. Conductivity may be measured by applying an alternating electrical current (I) to two Electrodes immersed in a solution and measuring the resulting voltage (U). During this process, the cations migrate to the negative Electrode, the anions to the positive electrode and the solution acts as an electrical conductor.

It is an economical meter for online measurement of specific Conductivity of solution using a Conductivity cell for RO plant or DM plant applications. It enables to measure the Conductivity without manual balancing and specific Conductivity is read directly on a digital panel. This is available in panel mounting facility in compact size. PRINCIPLE Conductivity is the ability of a solution, a metal or a gas - in brief all materials to pass an electric current. In solutions the current is carried by cations and anions whereas in metals it is carried by electrons. How well a solution conducts electricity depends on a number of factors: • Concentration of ions • Mobility of ions • Valence of ions • Temperature All substances possess some degree of conductivity. In aqueous solutions the level of ionic strength varies from the low conductivity of ultrapure water to the high conductivity of concentrated chemical samples. Conductivity may be measured by applying an alternating electrical current (I) to two electrodes immersed in a solution and measuring the resulting voltage (U). During this process, the cations migrate to the negative electrode, the anions to the positive electrode and the solution acts as an electrical conductor.

Conductivity of water allows measuring ionic constituents of all types of water including surface water, process water in water supply and treatment plants. PRINCIPLE Conductivity is the ability of a solution, a metal, or a gas - in brief all materials to pass an electric current. In solutions the current is carried by cations and anions whereas in metals it is carried by electrons. How well a solution conducts electricity depends on a number of factors : • Concentration of ions • Mobility of ions • Valence of ions • Temperature All substances possess some degree of conductivity. In aqueous solutions, the level of ionic strength varies from the low conductivity of ultrapure water to the high conductivity of concentrated chemical samples. Conductivity may be measured by applying an alternating electrical current (I) to two Electrodes immersed in a solution and measuring the resulting voltage (U). During this process, the cations migrate to the negative Electrode, the anions to the positive electrode and the solution acts as an electrical conductor.

Conductivity of water allows measuring ionic constituents of all types of water including surface waters, process waters in water supply and treatment plants. PRINCIPLE Conductivity is the ability of a solution, a metal or a gas - in brief all materials to pass an electric current. In solutions the current is carried by cations and anions whereas in metals it is carried by electrons. How well a solution conducts electricity depends on a number of factors • Concentration of ions • Mobility of ions • Valence of ions • Temperature All substances possess some degree of conductivity. In aqueous solutions the level of ionic strength varies from the low conductivity of ultrapure water to the high conductivity of concentrated chemical samples. Conductivity may be measured by applying an alternating electrical current (I) to two electrodes immersed in a solution and measuring the resulting voltage (U). During this process, the cations migrate to the negative Electrode, the anions to the positive electrode and the solution acts as an electrical conductor.

MicroSet’s Conductivity Sensors are designed for fast, easy & trouble free start up. These are ideal for measuring the concentration of dissolved solids in water. They are provided with an accurate predetermined factory calibration constant. Rugged design & corrosion resistant material keep electrode spacing & surface area constant. So cell constant remains stable for long period. Durability of material & high resistance to corrosion ensures the long life & require low maintenance.

Conductivity of water allows measuring ionic constituents of all types of water including surface waters, process waters in water supply and treatment plants. PRINCIPLE Conductivity is the ability of a solution, a metal or a gas - in brief all materials to pass an electric current. In solutions the current is carried by cations and anions whereas in metals it is carried by electrons. How well a solution conducts electricity depends on a number of factors • Concentration of ions • Mobility of ions • Valence of ions • Temperature All substances possess some degree of conductivity. In aqueous solutions the level of ionic strength varies from the low conductivity of ultrapure water to the high conductivity of concentrated chemical samples. Conductivity may be measured by applying an alternating electrical current (I) to two electrodes immersed in a solution and measuring the resulting voltage (U). During this process, the cations migrate to the negative Electrode, the anions to the positive electrode and the solution acts as an electrical conductor.

FEATURE • Sterilizable / Autoclavable • Gel electrolyte • Sterilization Temperature up to 130°C • 35 Steam Cycles - Ensures fast & accurate long life in actual process conditions • Fast, Accurate, Improved Stability, Reliable • 120, 170, 220, 270 and 320 mm Length available • Compatible with any make pH Transmitter DESCRIPTION Designed for accuracy and stability in a heat intensive application, the new MS pH 04 Ferm series pH sensors are optimized for autoclaving and steam sterilization in biotechnology applications. MS pH 04 sensors exhibit unparalleled stability after exposure to high temperature sterilization. The reference electrode uses a silver silver chloride sensor in combination with a new gelled potassium chloride electrolyte to provide a stable reference potential through the single ceramic reference junction. PRINCIPLE Why is pH Measurement required ? To check the acidic or alkaline nature of aqueous solution. pH (Potential Hydrogen) is unit of measurement, used to determine the Acidity or Alkalinity of an aqueous solution. Practical pH scale for industrial instrumentation ranges from 0 to 14 pH. The acidic substances range from 0 to 6 and on the other end are the alkaline substances, which range from 8 to 14, with pH 7 being neutral, this is the pH of pure water which is neither very acidic nor very alkaline, is said to be neutral. How is pH measured ? Although everyone is familiar with Litmus paper, the only reliable way to measure pH is using Potentiometric Combination electrodes. These electrodes develop a millivolts output corresponding to pH value of solution which is directly proportional to the Free Hydrogen ion concentration in an aqueous Solution. These generated raw mill volts are fed to MS pH 04 Ferm where it is processed by amplifier & reading is displayed on meter TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION pH Range : 0 ~ 14 pH Body : Glass Temperature Range : 0 to 130°C Operating Pressure : 6 Bar Electrolyte : Gel Reference Junction : Single Ceramic Junction Sterilization temperature : 130°C Shaft Length below Threads : 120 mm (Other Lengths on request at Extra Cost) Shaft Diameter : 12 mm Electrical Connection : S8 Process Connection : PG 13.5

It is an economical meter for online measurement of specific Conductivity of solution using a Conductivity cell for R.O plant or D.M plant applications. It enables to measure the Conductivity without manual balancing and specific Conductivity is read directly on a digital panel. This is available in panel mounting facility in compact size.

Total Dissolved solids, smaller than 2 microns, refer to any minerals, salts, metals, in the form of molecules, atoms, cations or anions dissolved in water. Total dissolved solids (TDS) comprise inorganic salts (principally calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides and sulfates) and some small amounts of organic matter that dissolve in water. The TDS concentration is the sum of all filterable substances in water that can be determined gravimetrically. However, in most cases, TDS is primarily comprised of ions. TDS is mainly used in the studies of water quality in the natural bodies of water, including surface and ground sources. It is an Microprocessor based online measurement of specific TDS of solution using a TDS cell for R.O plant or D.M plant applications. It enables to measure the TDS without manual balancing and specific TDS is read directly on a digital panel. This is available in panel mounting facility in compact size. Why Measure Total Dissolved Solids? TDS in drinking water can originate from natural sources, urban run-off, municipal and industrial waste, chemicals used in treating water and the actual plumbing infrastructure. While TDS is not considered a primary pollutant, it is an indicator of water quality. The USEPA secondary water quality standard for TDS concentration is 500 mg/L to ensure drinking water palatability. High levels of dissolved solids in drinking water can affect the taste causing it to be bitter or salty. High levels of TDS can also lead to scaling and corrosion in any application but especially in boilers and cooling water.